ATP

Innovatives Laserlicht kann schmerzlindernd, regenerierend, anti-entzündlich und wundheilungsfördernd wirken.
Bei der sogenannten Laser-Phototherapie wird sanftes, niedrig-energetisches Laserlicht in die Zellen eingestrahlt.

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass in Abhängigkeit von der Wellenlänge des Lichts eine Eindringtiefe in das Gewebe bis zu ca. 50 mm möglich ist.


Im Gegensatz zu Lasern mit hoher Leistung, die zum Schneiden oder für Tattoo- und Haarentfernung verwendet werden, schädigt diese Art von Laserlicht das Gewebe nicht. Es kann statt dessen Heilungs- und Regenerationsprozesse unterstützen bzw. Symptome lindern.

Die Laser-Phototherapie beruht hauptsächlich auf dem Effekt der gesteigerten "ATP-Synthese" (ATP = Adenosin-Tri-Phosphat). ATP ist als „Energiespeicher" unserer Zellen bekannt.
Ohne ATP können viele Abläufe im Organismus nicht stattfinden oder 'rund laufen'.

ATP wird in den Mitochondrien - den „Energiekraftwerken" der Zellen hergestellt. Sie sind Teil jener Zellorgane, die für das Leben und Funktionieren einer Zelle wichtig sind. Es muss ständig nachgebildet werden. Je nach Quelle wird beschrieben, dass der menschliche Körper täglich zwischen 40-70 kg ATP produziert. Gesunde Zellen können durch eine erhöhte ATP Produktion nicht überinduziert werden.

Jede Zelle der Muskeln und Sehnen, des Gewebes, der Organe und der Haut braucht die in ATP gespeicherte molekulare Energie für das einwandfreie Funktionieren und für die Aktivierung des Zellstoffwechsels. Durch Verletzungen, Medikamente, Nährstoffmangel, Heilblockaden oder sogenannter Alterserscheinungen kommt es in vielen Fällen zu einer Minderproduktion dieses „molekularen Kraftstoffes".

Ist zu wenig ATP vorhanden, ist i.d.R. ein verminderter Heilungs- und Regenerationsprozess und eine erniedrigte Schmerzschwelle zu beobachten, da es zu einem 'Energiemangel' kommt. Mit hochernergetischem, sanftem Laserlicht werden die Mitochondrien der Zellen zu einer verstärkten ATP-Produktion angeregt.

Umfangreiche Arbeiten und Forschungsergebnisse zur Stimulation der ATP-Synthese durch das Laserlicht hat u.a. die Wissenschaftlerin Tina Karu zu diesem Thema erarbeitet. Bei einer ausreichenden Adenosin-Tri-Phosohat Bildung (ATP-Synthese) können Schmerzen reduziert, Entzündungen vermindert und die Wundheilung verbessert werden.

 

Studien zur Wirkweise

1. Studien zum Thema schmerzlindernd

Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008 Oct 1;13(10):E648-52.
Analgesic action of laser therapy (LLLT) in an animal model.
Pozza DH, Fregapani PW, Weber JB, de Oliveira MG, de Oliveira MA, Ribeiro Neto N, de Macedo Sobrinho JB.
Source: Laser Technology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba and Universidade Federal da Bahia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
http://www.medicinaoral.com/medoralfree01/v13i10/medoralv13i10p648.pdf

Photomed Laser Surg. 2010 Jun;28(3):417-22. doi: 10.1089/pho.2009.2548.
Effects of low-level laser therapy on pain and scar formation after inguinal herniation surgery: a randomized controlled single-blind study.
Carvalho RL, Alcântara PS, Kamamoto F, Cressoni MD, Casarotto RA.
Source
Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2548

J Photochem Photobiol B. 2009 May 4;95(2):89-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.01.004. Epub 2009 Jan 21.
Evaluation of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in muscle healing by low-level laser therapy.
Silveira PC, Silva LA, Fraga DB, Freitas TP, Streck EL, Pinho R.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1011134409000049

Photochem Photobiol. 2009 Jul-Aug;85(4):987-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00523.x. Epub 2009 Feb 13.
Mitochondrial responses of normal and injured human skin fibroblasts following low level laser irradiation--an in vitro study.
Zungu IL, Hawkins Evans D, Abrahamse H.
Source: Laser Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00523.x/abstract

2. Studien zum Thema regenerierend

Lasers Med Sci. 2009 Nov;24(6):857-63. doi: 10.1007/s10103-008-0633-4. Epub 2008 Dec 5
Effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy applied before high-intensity exercises on skeletal muscle recovery in athletes.
Leal Junior EC, Lopes-Martins RA, Baroni BM, De Marchi T, Taufer D, Manfro DS, Rech M, Danna V, Grosselli D, Generosi RA, Marcos RL, Ramos L, Bjordal JM.
Source
Sports Medicine Institute (IME), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. ecplealj@ucs.br
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/51422706_Effect_of_830_nm_low-level_laser_therapy_in_exercise-induced_skeletal_muscle_fatigue_in_humans

J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2000 Apr;18(2):67-73.
Wound healing of animal and human body sport and traffic accident injuries using low-level laser therapy treatment: a randomized clinical study of seventy-four patients with control group.
Simunovic Z1, Ivankovich AD, Depolo A.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11800105

Anders, Juanita J. (2009): The Potential of Light Therapy for Central Nervous System Injury and Disease. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (3), S. 379–380. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.0053

Effects of 940 nm light-emitting diode (led) on sciatic nerve regeneration in rats. Serafim KG, Ramos SD, de Lima FM, Carandina M, Ferrari O, Dias IF, Toginho Filho DD, Siqueira CP. Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil, karlaguivserafim@hotmail.com. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=21547474

3. Studien zum Thema anti-entzündlich

Abrahamse, Heidi (2009): Molecular Perspectives of Wound Healing—Cellular Models *
In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (5), S. 693–694. Online verfügbar unter http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2009.2672

Akyol, Utkan; Güngörmüs, Metin (2010): The Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Healing of Skin Incisions Made Using a Diode Laser in Diabetic Rats. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (1), S. 51–55. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2425

J Photochem Photobiol B. 2007 Nov 12;89(1):50-5. Epub 2007 Sep 6. Anti-inflammatory effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with two different red wavelengths (660 nm and 684 nm) in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Albertini R, Villaverde AB, Aimbire F, Salgado MA, Bjordal JM, Alves LP, Munin E, Costa MS. Source: Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento, IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, CEP: 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/5923979_Anti-inflammatory_effects_of_low-level_laser_therapy_%28LLLT%29_with_two_different_red_wavelengths_28660_nm_and_684_nm%29_in_carrageenan-induced_rat_paw_edema

Barbosa, Rafael Inácio; da Silva Rodrigues, Eula Katucha; Tamanini, Guilherme; Marcolino, Alexandre Márcio; Elui, Valéria Meirelles Carril; Jesus Guirro, Rinaldo Roberto de et al. (2012): Effectiveness of low-level laser therapy for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: design of a randomized single-blinded controlled trial. In: BMC Musculoskelet Disord 13 (1), S. 248. Online verfügbar unter http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/13/248

Bjordal, J. M.; Couppe, C.; Chow, R.T; Tuner, J.; Ljunggren, E.A (2003): A systematic review of low level laser therapy with location-specific doses for pain from chronic joint disorders. In: Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 49, S. 107–116

Bjordal, J. M.; Lopes-Martins, R. A. B.; Iversen, V. V. (2006): A randomised, placebo controlled trial of low level laser therapy for activated Achilles tendinitis with microdialysis measurement of peritendinous prostaglandin E2 concentrations. In: Br J Sports Med 40 (1), S. 76–80. Online verfügbar unter http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.020842

Cafaro, Adriana; Albanese, Gianni; Arduino, Paolo G.; Mario, Carbone; Massolini, Gianluca; Mozzati, Marco; Broccoletti, Roberto (2010): Effect of Low-Level Laser Irradiation on Unresponsive Oral Lichen Planus: Early Preliminary Results in 13 Patients. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (S2), S. S-99. Online verfügbar unter http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2009.2655

Carvalho, Carolina Montagn; Lacerda, Juliana A.; dos Santos Neto, Fernando P.; Castro, Isabelle Cardoso Vieira de; Ramos, Thaís Andrade; Lima, Flávia Oliveira de et al. (2011): Evaluation of Laser Phototherapy in the Inflammatory Process of the Rat's TMJ Induced by Carrageenan. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 29 (4), S. 245–254. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2685

Chung, Hoon; Dai, Tianhong; Sharma, Sulbha K.; Huang, Ying-Ying; Carroll, James D.; Hamblin, Michael R. (2012): The Nuts and Bolts of Low-level Laser (Light) Therapy. In: Ann Biomed Eng 40 (2), S. 516–533. Online verfügbar unter http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10439-011-0454-7

Güngörmüs, Metin; Akyol, Utkan (2009): The Effect of Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenide 808-nm Low-Level Laser Therapy on Healing of Skin Incisions Made Using a Diode Laser. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (6), S. 895–899. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2431

Hahm, Eason; Kulhari, Snehlata; Arany, Praveen R. (2012): Targeting the pain, inflammation and immune (PII) axis: plausible rationale for LLLT. In: Photonics and Lasers in Medicine 1 (4). Online verfügbar unter http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/plm.2012.1.issue-4/plm-2012-0033/plm-2012-0033.xml

Hamblin, M.R (2006): Mechanisms of low level light therapy. In: Proc. of SPIE (6140), S. 614001–614001-12. Online verfügbar unter http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1276129.

Harjacek, M.; Kelava, T.; Lamot, L. (2008): The therapeutic value of low-energy laser (LLLT) for enthesitis in children with juvenile spondyloarthropathies. In: Pediatric Rheumatology 6 (Suppl 1), S. P64

Laakso, El; Cabot, P.J (2005): Nociceptive scores and endorphin-containing cells reduced by low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in inflamed paws of Wistar rat. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 23 (1), S. 32–35. Online verfügbar unter http://www.worldcat.org/title/nociceptive-scores-and-endorphin-containing-cells-reduced-by-low-level-laser-therapy-lllt-in-inflamed-paws-of-wistar-rat/oclc/728927787

Liu, Xiao-Guang; Zhou, Yong-Jian; Liu, Timon Cheng-Yi; Yuan, Jian-Qin (2009): Effects of Low-Level Laser Irradiation on Rat Skeletal Muscle Injury after Eccentric Exercise. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (6), S. 863–869. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2443

Marchionni, Antônio M. T.; Medrado, Alena P.; Silva, Tânia M. C.; Fracassi, Larissa D.; Pinheiro, Antônio L. B.; Reis, Sílvia R. A. (2010): Influence of Laser (?670 nm) and Dexamethasone on the Chronology of Cutaneous Repair. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (5), S. 639–646. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2587

Medeiros, Juliana L.; Nicolau, Renata A.; Nicola, Ester M.D; dos Santos, Jean N.; Pinheiro, Antonio L.B (2010): Healing of Surgical Wounds Made with ?970-nm Diode Laser Associated or Not with Laser Phototherapy (?655 nm) or Polarized Light (?400–2000 nm). In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (4), S. 489–496. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2592

Photomed Laser Surg. 2010 Apr;28(2):227-32. doi: 10.1089/pho.2008.2422. Anti-inflammatory effect of low-level laser and light-emitting diode in zymosan-induced arthritis. de Morais NC, Barbosa AM, Vale ML, Villaverde AB, de Lima CJ, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Source: Laboratory of Inflammation, Institute of Research and Development, University of Vale do Paraíba, Sáo José dos Campos, Brazil http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2422

Pinheiro, Antonio Luiz Barbosa; Meireles, Gyselle Cynthia Silva; Carvalho, Carolina Montagn; Ramalho, Luciana Maria Pedreira; dos Santos, Jean Nunes (2009): Biomodulative Effects of Visible and IR Laser Light on the Healing of Cutaneous Wounds of Nourished and Undernourished Wistar Rats. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (6), S. 947–957. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2607

Rodrigues de Morais, Núbia Cristina; Barbosa, Ana Maria; Vale, Mariana Lima; Villaverde, Antonio Balbin; Lima, Carlos José de; Cogo, José Carlos; Zamuner, Stella Regina (2010): Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Low-Level Laser and Light-Emitting Diode in Zymosan-Induced Arthritis. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (2), S. 227–232. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2422

Rubio, Claudia Reinoso; Cremonezzi, David; Moya, Monica; Soriano, Fernando; Palma, Jose; Campana, Vilma (2010): Helium-Neon Laser Reduces the Inflammatory Process of Arthritis. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (1), S. 125–129. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2472

Rubio, Claudia Reinoso; Simes, Juan Carlos; Moya, Monica; Soriano, Fernando; Palma, Jose Atilio; Campana, Vilma (2009): Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers in Experimental Crystalopathy: Their Modification by Photostimulation. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (1), S. 79–84. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2007.2232

Santos, Nicole R.S; dos Santos, Jean N.; dos Reis, João A.; Oliveira, Priscila C.; Sousa, Ana Paula C. de; Carvalho, Carolina M. de et al. (2010): Influence of the Use of Laser Phototherapy (?660 or 790 nm) on the Survival of Cutaneous Flaps on Diabetic Rats. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (4), S. 483–488. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2500

Santos, Nicole R. Silva; dos Santos, Jean N.; Sobrinho, João B. Macedo; Ramalho, Luciana M.P; Carvalho, Carolina M.; Soares, Luiz G.P; Pinheiro, Antônio L.B (2010): Effects of Laser Photobiomodulation on Cutaneous Wounds Treated with Mitomycin C: A Histomorphometric and Histological Study in a Rodent Model. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (1), S. 81–90. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2380

Santos, Nicole R.S; M. Sobrinho, João Batista de; Almeida, Paulo F.; Ribeiro, Adriana A.; Cangussú, Maria C.T; dos Santos, Jean N.; Pinheiro, Antonio L.B (2011): Influence of the Combination of Infrared and Red Laser Light on the Healing of Cutaneous Wounds Infected by Staphylococcus aureus. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 29 (3), S. 177–182. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2749

Souza, Thaís Oricchio Fedri de; Martins, Marco Antonio Trevizani; Bussadori, Sandra Kalil; Fernandes, Kristianne Porta Santos; Tanji, Edgar Yuji; Mesquita-Ferrari, Raquel Agnelli; Martins, Manoela Domingues (2010): Clinical Evaluation of Low-Level Laser Treatment for Recurring Aphthous Stomatitis. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (S2), S. S-85. Online verfügbar unter http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2661

4. Studien zum Thema wundheilungsfördernd

Abrahamse, Heidi (2009): Molecular Perspectives of Wound Healing—Cellular Models *
In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (5), S. 693–694. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2009.2672.

Akyol, Utkan; Güngörmüs, Metin (2010): The Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Healing of Skin Incisions Made Using a Diode Laser in Diabetic Rats. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (1), S. 51–55. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2425.

Al-Watban, F.; Zhang, X.Y (1996): Comparison Of The Effects Of Laser Therapy On Wound Healing Using Different Laser Wavelengths. In: Laser Therapy 8, S. 127–135.

Al-Watban, Farouk A.H (2009): Laser Therapy Converts Diabetic Wound Healing to Normal Healing. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (1), S. 127–135. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2406.

Al-Watban, Farouk A.H; Zhang, Xing Yang; Andres, Bernard L.; Al-Anize, Azizah (2009): Visible Lasers Were Better Than Invisible Lasers in Accelerating Burn Healing on Diabetic Rats. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (2), S. 269–272. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2310.

Asagai, Y.; Imakiifre, A.; Ohshiro, T. (2000): Thermographic Study of Low Level Laser Therapy for Acute-Phase Injury. In: Laser Therapy 12, S. 31–33. Online: http://waltza.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/WALT-THERMOGRAPHIC%20STUDY%20OF%20LOW%20LEVEL%20LASER%20THERAPY%20FOR%20ACUTE-PHASE%20INJURY.pdf

Barreto, Josafá G.; Salgado, Claudio G. (2010): Clinic-epidemiological evaluation of ulcers in patients with leprosy sequelae and the effect of low level laser therapy on wound healing: a randomized clinical trial. In: BMC Infect Dis 10 (1), S. 237. Online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928232/

Bayat, Mohammad (2009): Author's Reply. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (6), S. 967–968. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2009.2666.

Bayat, Mohammad; Azari, Afsaneh; Golmohammadi, Mohammad Ghasem (2010): Effects of 780-nm Low-Level Laser Therapy with a Pulsed Gallium Aluminum Arsenide Laser on the Healing of a Surgically Induced Open Skin Wound of Rat. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (4), S. 465–470. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2450.

Chen, Aaron C.-H et al (2010): Can dendritic cells see light? In: Proc. of SPIE 7565 (756504). Online: http://www.worldcat.org/title/can-dendritic-cells-see-light/oclc/656415952.

Chung, Hoon; Dai, Tianhong; Sharma, Sulbha K.; Huang, Ying-Ying; Carroll, James D.; Hamblin, Michael R. (2012): The Nuts and Bolts of Low-level Laser (Light) Therapy. In: Ann Biomed Eng 40 (2), S. 516–533. Online: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10439-011-0454-7.

Chung, Tzu-Yun; Peplow, Philip V.; Baxter, G. David (2010): Laser Photobiomodulation of Wound Healing in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Mice: Effects in Splinted and Unsplinted Wounds. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (2), S. 251–261. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2493.

Chung, Tzu-Yun; Peplow, Philip V.; Baxter, G. David (2010): Testing Photobiomodulatory Effects of Laser Irradiation on Wound Healing: Development of an Improved Model for Dressing Wounds in Mice. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (5), S. 589–596. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2641.

da Silva, Jacqueline Pereira; da Silva, Maéli Alves; Almeida, Ana Paula Figueiredo; Junior, Império Lombardi; Matos, Areolino Pena (2010): Laser Therapy in the Tissue Repair Process: A Literature Review. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (1), S. 17–21. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2372.

Demir, Turgut; Kara, Cankat; Özbek, Elvan; Kalkan, Yildiray (2010): Evaluation of Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet Laser, Scalpel Incision Wounds, and Low-Level Laser Therapy for Wound Healing in Rabbit Oral Mucosa: A Pilot Study. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (1), S. 31–37. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2449.

Ezzati, Ali; Bayat, Mohammad; Khoshvaghti, Amir (2010): Low-Level Laser Therapy with a Pulsed Infrared Laser Accelerates Second-Degree Burn Healing in Rat: A Clinical and Microbiologic Study. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (5), S. 603–611. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2544.

Fulop, Andras M.; Dhimmer, Seema; Deluca, James R.; Johanson, David D.; Lenz, Richard V.; Patel, Keyuri B. et al. (2009): A Meta-analysis of the Efficacy of Phototherapy in Tissue Repair. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (5), S. 695–702. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2550.

Fung, Dicky T.C; Ng, Gabriel Y.F; Leung, Mason C.P; Tay, David K.C (2002): Therapeutic low energy laser improves the mechanical strength of repairing medial collateral ligament. In: Lasers Surg. Med 31 (2), S. 91–96. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.10083.

Funk, Tak-chee Dicky (2003): Effects of low energy laser therapy and herbal medication on ligament healing in rats. Thesis / Dissertation: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Online: http://www.worldcat.org/title/effects-of-low-energy-laser-therapy-and-herbal-medication-on-ligament-healing-in-rats/oclc/697316717.

Gonzaga Ribeiro, Maria Amalia; Cavalcanti Albuquerque, Ricardo Luiz de; Santos Barreto, Andre Luiz; Moreno Oliveira, Vitor Garcia de; Santos, Thalita Barreto; Freitas Dantas, Carolina Delmondes (2009): Morphological analysis of second-intention wound healing in rats submitted to 16 J/cm 2 ? 660-nm laser irradiation // Morphological analysis of second-intention wound healing in rats submitted to 16 J/cm 2 lambda 660-nm laser irradiation. In: Indian J Dent Res 20 (3), S. 390. Online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19884733.

Guirro, Rinaldo Roberto Jesus de; Guirro, Elaine Caldeira Oliveirade; Martins, Carla Campos; Nunes, Fabiana Roberta (2010): Analysis of Low-Level Laser Radiation Transmission in Occlusive Dressings. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (4), S. 459–463. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2524.

Güngörmüs, Metin; Akyol, Utkan Kamil (2009): Effect of Biostimulation on Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (4), S. 607–610. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2349.

Güngörmüs, Metin; Akyol, Utkan (2009): The Effect of Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenide 808-nm Low-Level Laser Therapy on Healing of Skin Incisions Made Using a Diode Laser. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (6), S. 895–899. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2431.

Gupta A.K.; Filonenko N.; Salansky N.; Sauder D. (1998): The Use of Low Energy Photon Therapy (LEPT) in Venous Leg Ulcers: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. In: Dermatol. Surg (24), S. 1383–1386. Online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9865208

Hamblin, M.R (2006): Mechanisms of low level light therapy. In: Proc. of SPIE (6140), S. 614001–614001-12. Online: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1276129.

Hawkins, D. and Abrahamse H. (2005): Review Article - Laboratory Methods for Evaluating the Effect of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) In Wound Healing. In: African Journal of Biomedical Research; Vol 8, No 1 (2005) 2005 (8), S. 1–14. Online: http://www.worldcat.org/title/review-article-laboratory-methods-for-evaluating-the-effect-of-low-level-laser-therapy-lllt-in-wound-healing/oclc/727690732.

Hawkins, D. and Abrahamse H. (2007): Phototherapy - a treatment modality for wound healing and pain relief. In: African Journal of Biomedical Research (ISSN: 1119-5096) Vol 10 Num 2 (10), S. 99–109. Online: http://www.worldcat.org/title/phototherapy-a-treatment-modality-for-wound-healing-and-pain-relief/oclc/738394565.

Ho, B. and Barbenel J.C and Grant M.H (2009) Effect; Ho, Gideon; Barbenel, Joseph; Grant, M. Helen (2009): Effect of low-level laser treatment of tissue-engineered skin substitutes: contraction of collagen lattices. In: Journal of Biomedical Optics, 14 (3). 034002. ISSN 1083-3668 14 (3), S. 34002. Online: http://www.worldcat.org/title/effect-of-low-level-laser-treatment-of-tissue-engineered-skin-substitutes-contraction-of-collagen-lattices/oclc/701917185.

Jann, Henry W.; Bartels, Kenneth; Ritchey, Jerry W.; Payton, Mark; Bennett, John M. (2012): Equine wound healing: influence of low level laser therapy on an equine metacarpal wound healing model. In: Photonics and Lasers in Medicine 1 (2). Online: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/plm.2012.1.issue-2/plm-2012-0004/plm-2012-0004.xml.

Karu Tiina. Health Phys. 1989 May;56(5):691-704. Photobiology of low-power laser effects.
Source: Laser Technology Center, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Troitsk
http://books.google.de/books/about/Photobiology_of_Low_Power_Laser_Therapy.html?id=wBjmtRbzvf8C&redir_esc=y

Karu, Tiina (2013): Is It Time to Consider Photobiomodulation As a Drug Equivalent? In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 31 (5), S. 189–191. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2013.3510.

Kaviani, Ahmad; Djavid, Gholamreza Esmaeeli; Ataie-Fashtami, Leila; Fateh, Mohsen; Ghodsi, Maryam; Salami, Maliheh et al. (2011): A Randomized Clinical Trial on the Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Chronic Diabetic Foot Wound Healing: A Preliminary Report. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 29 (2), S. 109–114. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2680.

Lichtenstein D.; Morag B.: Low Level Laser Therapy in ambulatory patients with venous stasis ulcers. In: Laser Therapy 11 (2), S. 71–78. http://www.photonicenergetics.com/LLLT%20Research%20Abstracts.pdf

Lim, Jinhwan (2009): Effects of low-level light therapy on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and diabetes-induced oxidative damage in chicken and rat kidney. Dissertation. Indiana University 2009, Inidana. Online: http://www.worldcat.org/title/effects-of-low-level-light-therapy-on-2378-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-and-diabetes-induced-oxidative-damage-in-chicken-and-rat-kidney/oclc/505781271.

Liu, Xiao-Guang; Zhou, Yong-Jian; Liu, Timon Cheng-Yi; Yuan, Jian-Qin (2009): Effects of Low-Level Laser Irradiation on Rat Skeletal Muscle Injury after Eccentric Exercise. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (6), S. 863–869. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2443.

Marchionni, Antônio M. T.; Medrado, Alena P.; Silva, Tânia M. C.; Fracassi, Larissa D.; Pinheiro, Antônio L. B.; Reis, Sílvia R. A. (2010): Influence of Laser (?670 nm) and Dexamethasone on the Chronology of Cutaneous Repair. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (5), S. 639–646. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2587.

Medeiros, Juliana L.; Nicolau, Renata A.; Nicola, Ester M.D; dos Santos, Jean N.; Pinheiro, Antonio L.B (2010): Healing of Surgical Wounds Made with ?970-nm Diode Laser Associated or Not with Laser Phototherapy (?655 nm) or Polarized Light (?400–2000 nm). In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (4), S. 489–496. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2592.

Mokmeli, Soheila; Khazemikho, Niyosha; Niromanesh, Shirin; Vatankhah, Zohre (2009): The Application of Low-Level Laser Therapy after Cesarean Section Does Not Compromise Blood Prolactin Levels and Lactation Status. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (3), S. 509–512. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2314.

Mthunzi, Patience et al; Mthunzi, Patience; Forbes, Andrew; Hawkins, Denise; Abrahamse, Heidi; Karsten, Aletta E. et al. (2005): Influence of beam shape on in-vitro cellular transformations in human skin fibroblasts //. In: Laser Beam Shaping VI, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 5876 2005 (5876), S. 58760V–58760V-10. Online: http://www.worldcat.org/title/influence-of-beam-shape-on-in-vitro-cellular-transformations-in-human-skin-fibroblasts/oclc/774744356.

Myakishev-Rempel, Max; Stadler, Istvan; Brondon, Philip; Axe, David R.; Friedman, Mark; Nardia, Frances Barg; Lanzafame, Raymond (2012): A Preliminary Study of the Safety of Red Light Phototherapy of Tissues Harboring Cancer. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 30 (9), S. 551–558. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2011.3186.

Oliveira Guirro, Elaine Caldeira de; Lima Montebelo, Maria Imaculada de; Almeida Bortot, Bianca de; da Costa Betito Torres, Marina Aparecida; Polacow, Maria Luiza Ozores (2010): Effect of Laser (670 nm) on Healing of Wounds Covered with Occlusive Dressing: A Histologic and Biomechanical Analysis. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (5), S. 629–634. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2387.

Ozcelik, Onur; Cenk Haytac, Mehmet; Kunin, Anatoly; Seydaoglu, Gulsah (2008): Improved wound healing by low-level laser irradiation after gingivectomy operations: a controlled clinical pilot study. In: J. Clin. Periodontol 35 (3), S. 250–254. Online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18269665.

Peplow, Philip V.; Chung, Tzu-Yun; Baxter, G. David (2010): Laser Photobiomodulation of Wound Healing: A Review of Experimental Studies in Mouse and Rat Animal Models. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (3), S. 291–325. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2446.

Pinheiro, Antonio L.B (2009): Advances and Perspectives on Tissue Repair and Healing *. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (6), S. 833–836. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2716.

Pinheiro, Antonio Luiz Barbosa; Meireles, Gyselle Cynthia Silva; Carvalho, Carolina Montagn; Ramalho, Luciana Maria Pedreira; dos Santos, Jean Nunes (2009): Biomodulative Effects of Visible and IR Laser Light on the Healing of Cutaneous Wounds of Nourished and Undernourished Wistar Rats. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (6), S. 947–957. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2607.

Ribeiro, Maria Amalia Gonzaga; Albuquerque, Ricardo Luiz Cavalcanti; Ramalho, Luciana Maria Pedreira; Pinheiro, Antonio Luiz Barbosa; Bonjardim, Leonardo Rigoldi; Da Cunha, Samantha Seara (2009): Immunohistochemical Assessment of Myofibroblasts and Lymphoid Cells During Wound Healing in Rats Subjected to Laser Photobiomodulation at 660 nm. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (1), S. 49–55. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2007.2215.

Rodrigo, Simone Marja; Cunha, Alexandre; Pozza, Daniel Humberto; Blaya, Diego Segatto; Moraes, João Feliz; Weber, João Batista Blessmann; Oliveira, Marília Gerhardt de (2009): Analysis of the Systemic Effect of Red and Infrared Laser Therapy on Wound Repair. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (6), S. 929–935. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2306.

Santos, Nicole R. Silva; dos Santos, Jean N.; Sobrinho, João B. Macedo; Ramalho, Luciana M.P; Carvalho, Carolina M.; Soares, Luiz G.P; Pinheiro, Antônio L.B (2010): Effects of Laser Photobiomodulation on Cutaneous Wounds Treated with Mitomycin C: A Histomorphometric and Histological Study in a Rodent Model. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (1), S. 81–90. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2380.

Santos, Nicole R.S; M. Sobrinho, João Batista de; Almeida, Paulo F.; Ribeiro, Adriana A.; Cangussú, Maria C.T; dos Santos, Jean N.; Pinheiro, Antonio L.B (2011): Influence of the Combination of Infrared and Red Laser Light on the Healing of Cutaneous Wounds Infected by Staphylococcus aureus. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 29 (3), S. 177–182. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2749.

Smith, K. (1991): The Photobiological Basis of Low Level Laser Radiation Therapy. In: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., S. 19–24. http://photobiology.info/LLLTis.html

Vasheghani, Mohammad Mehdi; Bayat, Mohammad; Dadpay, Masoomeh; Habibie, Malihe; Rezaei, Fatemehsadat (2009): Low-Level Laser Therapy Using 80-Hz Pulsed Infrared Diode Laser Accelerates Third-Degree Burn Healing in Rat. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 27 (6), S. 959–964. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2366.

Vasilenko, Tomáš; Slezák, Martin; Kovác, Ivan; Bottková, Zuzana; Jakubco, Ján; Kostelníková, Martina et al. (2010): The Effect of Equal Daily Dose Achieved by Different Power Densities of Low-Level Laser Therapy at 635 and 670 nm on Wound Tensile Strength in Rats: A Short Report. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (2), S. 281–283. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2489.

Vinck, Elke M.; Cagnie, Barbara J.; Cornelissen, Maria J.; Declercq, Heidi A.; Cambier, Dirk C. (2003): Increased fibroblast proliferation induced by light emitting diode and low power laser irradiation. In: Lasers Med Sci 18 (2), S. 95–99. Online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12928819.

Wang, Grace (2004): Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT). Hg. v. Department of Labour and Industries Office of the Medical Director. http://www.lni.wa.gov/ClaimsIns/Files/OMD/LLLTTechAssessMay032004.pdf

Woodruff Lynda D., Julie M. Bounkeo, Windy M. Brannon, Kenneth S. Dawes, Cameron D. Barham, Donna L. Waddell, and Chukuka S. Enwemeka. The Efficacy of Laser Therapy in Wound Repair: A Meta-Analysis of the Literature. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. June 2004, 22(3): 241-247. http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/1549541041438623

Wu, Qiuhe et al (2010): Low level laser therapy for traumatic brain injury. In: Proc. of SPIE 7552 (755206). Online: http://www.worldcat.org/title/low-level-laser-therapy-for-traumatic-brain-injury/oclc/681715375.

Zanin, Taís; Zanin, Fatima; Carvalhosa, Artur Aburad; Souza Castro, Paulo Henrique de; Pacheco, Marcos Tadeu; Zanin, Iriana Carla Junqueira; Brugnera, Aldo (2010): Use of 660-nm Diode Laser in the Prevention and Treatment of Human Oral Mucositis Induced by Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy. In: Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 28 (2), S. 233–237. Online: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2008.2242.

Zhang, Y.; Song, S.; Fong, C.; Tsang, C.; Yang, Z.; Yang, M. (2003): cDNA Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles in Human Fibroblast Cells Irradiated with Red Light. In: Journal of Investigative Dermatology (120), S. 841–857. Online: http://www.nature.com/jid/journal/v120/n5/full/5601814a.html

5. Studie zum Thema Wellenlänge

Wellenlänge = kleinste Abstand zweier Punkte gleicher Phase

Photomed Laser Surg. 2005 Aug;23(4):355-61.
Exact action spectra for cellular responses relevant to phototherapy.
Karu TI, Kolyakov SF.
Source: Institute of Laser and Information Technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation. tkaru@isan.troitsk.ru
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2005.23.355

Photomed Laser Surg. 2009 Oct 9. [Epub ahead of print]
Analysis of Low-Level Laser Radiation Transmission in Occlusive Dressings.
de Jesus Guirro RR, de Oliveira Guirro EC, Martins CC, Nunes FR.
1 Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University São Paulo , Brazil .
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2009.2524

6. Studien zum Thema Mitochondrien

Zellorganell mit eigener Erbsubstanz
http://www.mitochondriopathien.de/mitochondrien/mitochondrium-im-detail/

Photomed Laser Surg. 2008 Oct;26(5):451-3. doi: 10.1089/pho.2007.2218.
Intracellular ATP level increases in lymphocytes irradiated with infrared laser light of wavelength 904 nm.
Benedicenti S, Pepe IM, Angiero F, Benedicenti A.
Source: Department of Medical Science, Dentistry, and Biophysics, University of Genoa, Milan, Italy. stefano.benediceneti@tiscali.it
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2007.2218

Photomed Laser Surg. 2007 Jun;25(3):180-2.
Ga-As (808 nm) laser irradiation enhances ATP production in human neuronal cells in culture.
Oron U, Ilic S, De Taboada L, Streeter J.
Source: Photothera Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA. oronu@post.tau.ac.il
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2007.2064

J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1998 Jun;16(3):159-65.
Import of radiation phenomena of electrons and therapeutic low-level laser in regard to the mitochondrial energy transfer.
Wilden L, Karthein R.
Source: Center of Low Level Laser Therapy, Bad Füssing, Germany.
http://therapeuticsunwear.com/tsw/ContentMgr/attachments/wilden.pdf

7. Studien zum Thema Stimulation der ATP-Synthese durch das Laserlicht

J Photochem Photobiol B. 1999 Mar;49(1):1-17.
Primary and secondary mechanisms of action of visible to near-IR radiation on cells.
Karu T.
Source: Laser Technology Research Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow Region, Russia. kara@isan.troitsk.ru
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S101113449800219X

Tiina I. Karu
Institute of Laser and Information Technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences Troitsk, Moskow Region, Russian Federation
Low Level Laser Therapy: http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/b17288-11
http://www.laser.nu/lllt/galllery_reference/ref_karhu.htm

Health Phys. 1989 May;56(5):691-704.
Photobiology of low-power laser effects.
Karu T.
Source: Laser Technology Center, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Troitsk
http://books.google.de/books/about/Photobiology_of_Low_Power_Laser_Therapy.html?id=wBjmtRbzvf8C&redir_esc=y